EZH2 immunoexpression in pleomorphic adenoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma and clinicopathological features

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of the EZH2 protein and describe the clinical and microscopic characteristics of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and pleomorphic adenoma (PA). The study included 16 ACC cases and 12 PA. All ACC and PA cases were positive for EZH2 and the ACC samples showed significantly higher EZH2 expression. The clinical and microscopic covariates were described in relation to EZH2 staining in ACC samples. The highest mean values of EZH2 were observed in cases with local metastasis, recurrence, perineural invasion, and predominantly cribriform growth pattern without solid areas. EZH2 is a potential marker of malignancy.

Clinical behavior of recurrent pleomorphic adenoma in the palate: a systematic review

Purpose: This systematic review analyzed the clinical behavior and odds of malignancy of the palatal recurrent pleomorphic adenomas. Methods: Systematic review of patients with recurrent pleomorphic adenoma arising in the palate. Database search: MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, EMBASE, Virtual Health Library, Google Scholar, and OpenGrey. A binomial logistic regression was performed to assess the odds of detecting recurrence five, 10 and 20 years after the treatment of primary tumor. Results: Thirteen studies (n = 18 patients) out of 336 were included. The recurrent pleomorphic adenoma in palate was more common in females (61.6%), average age was 49 years old (range 9-73 years old). Four patients progressed to malignant transformation. The odds ratio (OR) of detecting a recurrence at 10 (OR = 5.57; 95% confidence interval - 95%CI 1.13-27.52), and 20 years (OR = 18.78; 95%CI 3.18-110.84) after treatment of primary pleomorphic adenoma was significantly higher than at one-year follow-up. Conclusions: The recurrence of pleomorphic adenoma in palate remains a rare event of late occurrence. It mainly affects middle-aged female and carries a risk of malignant transformation. Although uncommon, patients with palatal pleomorphic adenoma should be warned about the possibility of recurrence or malignant transformation of tumor at advanced ages.

Lacrimal gland pleomorphic adenoma: a narrative review / Adenoma pleomórfico de glândula lacrimal: uma revisão narrativa

ABSTRACT We present a literature review of 57 publications describing this pathology, published from the year 2012. In all these studies patients were reported to depict a slow-growing, motionless mass, which is painless at most times. All cases were managed by total excision, except for one report where adjuvant radiotherapy was applied. Among the several therapeutic strategies, the total tumor resection, preserving the tumor pseudocapsule intact, appears to be a consensus in treating the disease efficiently. Furthermore, fine-needle aspiration biopsy, including the assessment of genetic alterations, has proved to be a valuable tool in the diagnosis of challenging cases. Our literature survey also suggests that an incisional biopsy before the surgery may lead to the pseudocapsule disruption, thus considerably increasing the chances of adenoma recurrence, enabling its malignization. At present, genetics studies indicate that the molecular aberrations involved in the adenoma are similar to those represented in the salivary gland tumor pathogenesis. Further, in the recurrent cases, the pathology becomes difficult to treat and multiple surgeries may be required, occasionally, leading to radical surgery treatment.

RESUMO Uma revisão narrativa da literatura de 57 publicações que descrevem esta patologia, publicada a partir de 2012. Os pacientes têm uma massa de crescimento lento e imóvel, que na maioria das vezes é indolor. Todos os casos foram tratados por excisão total, com exceção de um relatório de radioterapia adjuvante. Entre as estratégias terapêuticas encontradas, a ressecção total do tumor, preservando a pseudocápsula tumoral intacta, parece ser um consenso. Alternativamente, a biópsia por aspiração de agulha fina incluindo a avaliação de alterações genéticas pode representar uma ferramenta valiosa nos casos diagnósticos desafiadores. Uma biópsia incisional antes da cirurgia não é recomendada, pois a ruptura da pseudocápsula aumenta consideravelmente a recorrência do adenoma, permitindo até mesmo sua malignização. Com relação à genética, estudos atuais indicam que as aberrações moleculares envolvidas no adenoma são semelhantes às da patogênese do tumor da glândula salivar. Para casos de recorrência, a patologia torna-se difícil de tratar e múltiplas cirurgias podem ser necessárias, às vezes levando a um tratamento cirúrgico radical.

Sialendoscopy for treatment of major salivary glands diseases: a comprehensive analysis of published systematic reviews and meta-analyses

Abstract Objectives: Sialendoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure used to diagnose and treat obstructive salivary gland diseases. Previous studies in the topic have shown mixed results. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sialendoscopy through previous systematic reviews for different outcomes of several diseases. We also aimed to assess studies' methodological quality and heterogeneity. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive systematic literature search of Pubmed, Embase, Lilacs and Cochrane Library. We included systematic reviews and meta-analyses that used sialendoscopy to treat both lithiasic and alithiasic salivary glands diseases. Data extraction included studies' characteristics and results. We assessed studies' methodological quality using the AMSTAR-2 (A Measurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews 2) tool. Results: 13 studies were included in the review, being 9 in adult populations and 4 in pediatric populations. Sialendoscopy proved to be effective at the treatment of different lithiasic and other obstructive diseases, but with important heterogeneity. The technique was also considered highly safe in most studies. However, studies had a critically low quality of evidence. Conclusions: Most studies demonstrated high efficacy and safety of sialendoscopy, but with critically low quality of evidence. We still lack randomized studies in this field, and future systematic reviews on the topic should follow current guidelines to improve conduction and reporting.

Characterization of Salivary Gland Pain: A Review of the Literature / Caracterización del Dolor de Glándulas Salivales: Revisión de la Literatura

SUMMARY: The salivary glands in pathological conditions produce countless different clinical presentations, and due to their complex neuroanatomy, their pain symptoms vary widely. However, in the literature to date, few studies characterize salivary gland pain. The aim of this study was to conduct a literature review concerning the clinical characteristics of pain in various salivary gland pathologies. A literature review was done through a systematic search of scientific articles in the Web of Science (WoS), MEDLINE, Scopus, and Elton B. Stephens Company (EBSCO) databases. The free terms "salivary gland", "parotid gland", "submaxillary gland", "sublingual gland", and "pain" were used along with the Boolean operators OR and AND. The search yielded a total of 1896 articles, of which 60 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were ultimately included in this review. It is described that pain is a nonspecific symptom of a glandular pathology and is characterized mainly by the location of the pain, which is correlated with the anatomical location of the affected salivary gland. Among the painful salivary gland pathologies, we found inflammatory disorders, including infections, obstructions, disorders secondary to hyposalivation; systemic autoimmune diseases; neoplasms, and neuropathic pain disorders. The diagnosis and management of salivary gland pain require knowledge of the causes and mechanisms of the pain, and it is to recognize the signs and symptoms of salivary gland disorders to be able to diagnose and treat them.

Las glándulas salivales en condiciones patológicas producen un sinfín de presentaciones clínicas diferentes, y debido a su compleja neuroanatomía generan variaciones en su sintomatología dolorosa. Sin embargo, en la literatura hasta ahora son escasos los estudios que caracterizan el dolor de glándulas salivales. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión de la literatura respecto a las características clínicas del dolor en diversas patologías de glándulas salivales. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura, a través de la búsqueda sistemática de artículos científicos en las bases de datos Web of Science (WoS), MEDLINE, Scopus y Elton B. Stephens Company (EBSCO). A través de los términos libres: "salivary gland", "parotid gland", "submaxillary gland", "sublingual gland", "pain", junto con los operadores booleanos OR y AND. La búsqueda arrojó un total de 1896 artículos, de los cuales 60 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y fueron finalmente incluidos en esta revisión. Se describe que el dolor es un síntoma poco específico para la patología glandular y está caracterizado principalmente por la localización del dolor, el cual se correlaciona con la ubicación anatómica de la glándula salival afectada. Dentro de las patologías dolorosas de glándulas salivales encontramos los trastornos inflamatorios, incluidas infecciones, obstrucciones, trastornos secundarios a hiposalivación; enfermedades sistémicas autoinmunes; neoplasias y trastornos de dolor neuropático. El diagnóstico y manejo del dolor de glándulas salivales requiere del conocimiento de las causas y mecanismos del dolor, siendo necesario reconocer los signos y síntomas de los trastornos de glándulas salivales para ser capaces de diagnosticarlos y tratarlos.

Importancia del diagnóstico precoz en el carcinoma mucoepidermoide. Relato de caso clínico / Importance of early diagnosis in mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Case report

El carcinoma mucoepidermoide es el tumor maligno más frecuente de las glándulas salivales menores localizándose por lo general en el paladar. El objetivo del presente reporte de caso es evidenciar en la literatura científica la importancia del diagnóstico precoz de carcinomas orales, así como, el rol fundamental que cumple el odontólogo general para identificar, guiar y derivar al paciente a un especialista. Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente de sexo masculino que acudió a la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción, quien fue derivado por su odontóloga tras percibir un pequeño pero perceptible cambio en la coloración normal de la mucosa y molestias ocasionales en la zona del paladar duro. Al examen intraoral se observó en el paladar duro, a la altura de los premolares en la hemiarcada izquierda, una lesión nodular ovoidea, color violáceo, de 1cm de diámetro, depresible a la palpación. Se realizó una biopsia incisional para su estudio histopatológico, reportando un carcinoma mucoepidermoide. El diagnóstico precoz de este tipo de patologías es un desafío para el odontólogo general, quien debe orientar al paciente, ante cualquier cambio de la estructura normal de la cavidad bucal, para que acuda a un especialista.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most frequent malignant tumor of the minor salivary glands, usually located in the palate. The objective of this case report is to demonstrate in the Paraguayan scientific literature the importance of early diagnosis of oral carcinomas as well as the fundamental role of the general dentist in identifying, guiding and referring the patient to the corresponding specialist. The clinical case presented is about a male patient who attended the Faculty of Dentistry of the National University of Asuncion. His dentist referred him after noticing a small but perceptible change in the normal coloration of the mucosa and occasional discomfort in the area of the hard palate. In the intraoral examination, an ovoid nodular lesion, purplish in color, 1cm in diameter, depressible on palpation, observed on the hard palate at the level of the premolars in the left hemiarch. An incisional biopsy performed for histopathological study, reporting a mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Regarding the early diagnosis of this type of pathology, the challenge for the general dentist will continues to be his continuous training in order to be able to successfully guide the patient in seeking care from the right specialist in case of any change in the oral cavity.

Escisión de Glándula Submandibular por Sialoadenitis Crónica Esclerosante Asociada a Sialolito en el Conducto Submandibular / Submandibular Gland Excision Due to Chronic Sclerosing Sialadenitis Associated With Sialolith in Submandibular Duct

La sialoadenitis crónica esclerosante puede extenderse desde una sialoadenitis focal hasta una cirrosis completa de la glándula. Aparece entre los 40 y 70 años de edad y afecta principalmente a la glándula submandibular. Se asocia con sialolitos y agentes infecciosos inespecíficos. La causa más frecuente de sialolitiasis es la formación de cálculos macroscópicamente visibles en una glándula salival o en su conducto excretor, de los cuales el 80 % al 90 % provienen de la glándula submandibular. Esta predilección probablemente se deba a que su conducto excretor es más largo, más ancho y tiene un ángulo casi vertical contra la gravedad, contribuyendo así a la estasis salival. Además, la secreción semimucosa de la misma es más viscosa. El sitio principal de ubicación de los litos en el conducto submandibular es la región hiliar con un 57 %. La sintomatología típica de la sialolitiasis es el cólico con tumefacción de la glándula y los dolores posprandiales. Reportamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 55 años, quien ingresa al servicio de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial del Hospital General Balbuena de la Ciudad de México por presentar un aumento de volumen en la región submandibular izquierda de consistencia dura y dolorosa a la palpación de 15 días de evolución, acompañada de aumento de temperatura en la zona compatible con un absceso. Los estudios de imagen reportan un sialolito en la región hiliar del conducto submandibular de 2,0 x 1,7 x 1,0 cm. Debido a su localización y tamaño, el tratamiento ideal en estos casos es la escisión de la glándula junto con el lito previo drenaje del absceso e inicio de terapia antibiótica doble.

Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis can range from focal sialadenitis to complete cirrhosis of the gland. It appears between 40 and 70 years of age and mainly affects the submandibular gland. It is associated with sialoliths and nonspecific infectious agents. The most common cause of sialolithiasis is the formation of macroscopically visible stones in a salivary gland or its excretory duct, of which 80 % to 90 % come from the submandibular gland. This predilection isprobably due to the fact that their excretory duct is longer, wider and has an almost vertical angle against gravity, thus contributing to salivary stasis. In addition, the semimucous secretion of it is more viscous. The main location of the stones in the submandibular duct is the hilar region with 57 %. The typical symptomatology of sialolithiasis is colic with swelling of the gland and postprandial pain. We report the case of a 55-year-old male patient, who was admitted to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service of the Hospital General Balbuena in Mexico City due to an increase in volumen in the left submandibular region that was hard and painful on palpation of 15 days of evolution, accompanied by increased temperature in the area compatible with an abscess. Imaging studies report a 2.0 x 1.7 x 1.0 cm sialolith in the submandibular duct hilar region. Due to its location and size, the ideal treatment in these cases is excision of the gland together with the stone previous drainage of the abscess and initiation of dual antibiotic therapy.

Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Hard Palate: A Multidisciplinary Approach

Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common salivary gland tumor accounting for 80% of all major salivary gland tumors. It is a benign salivary gland neoplasm that constitutes 3% to 10% of the neoplasms in the head and neck region.1 Salivary gland neoplasms represents less than 1% of all tumors. This article is being showcased as a special case due to the fact it was done at a Taluk Hospital and also because ENT and oromaxillofacial surgeons were involved during the surgery.

Application of the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytology and Risk Stratification by Cytohistological Correlation

Introduction:Salivary gland neoplasms are uncommon tumors comprising <3%–10% of all head‑and‑neck neoplasms. Recent WHO classification of salivary gland tumor added many newer entities; however, no definite risk‑stratification system is specified to predict the likelihood of malignancy for each diagnostic category. The present study is designed to evaluate the salivary gland aspirates using the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytology for reporting correlating with histological diagnosis which will lead to determine the malignancy risk for each diagnostic category. Risk of malignancy is calculated by the ratio of cytopathology cases with a malignant histopathology to the total number of cytopathology cases with follow‑up histopathology for that particular category. MaterialsandMethods: The present study was a cross‑sectional study done prospectively over a period of 2 years, and a total of 72 participants were selected. This study characterized the cytological features of spectrum of salivary gland lesions varying from benign to malignant. The lesions were evaluated and classified cytologically according to “the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology” for reporting salivary gland neoplasms. Histopathological correlation was done with cytological diagnosis wherever possible. Results: In our study of 72 patients with salivary gland lesions with the mean age of the patient being 50.6 years and maximum number of lesions involved the parotid gland followed by the submandibular gland and sublingual gland. Majority of the lesions in the present study were nonneoplastic in nature followed by lesions benign in nature. Malignant lesions were least common in occurrence. Among 72 cases, majority of the cases were seen in Milan category II (nonneoplastic) consisting of 34 cases (47.2%), followed by 31 cases (43.1%) in Milan category IV (benign). Final diagnostic categorization of 72 cases of salivary gland lesions was done according to the Milan system and the histopathological correlation was available in 23 of these cases. Out of the 34 cases in Milan system category II (nonneoplastic), histopathological evaluation was done in 2 cases. Both the cases were benign in nature, 31 cases in Milan system category IV (benign) histopathological evaluation was done in 16 cases where 15 cases were benign in nature and 1 lesion was malignant. Four cases were put in category VI of the Milan system, histopathological evaluation was done in all the 4 cases which were all malignant in nature. Conclusion: The current study validates fine‑needle aspiration cytology as a cost‑effective and noninvasive procedure for differentiating between benign and malignant lesions of the salivary gland, information of critical importance when determining the patient’s next course of treatment.

Analysis of Various Histopathological Patterns in Pleomorphic Adenoma - An Institutional Case Study

Introduction: Pleomorphic adenoma, the most common benign mixed salivary gland tumor which accounts for 70-80%, is a biphasic tumor with dual origin from epithelial and myoepithelial elements. It shows a malignant transformation rate of 6%. Microscopically, pleomorphic adenoma characteristically displays vast morphologic diversity. This present study is done to analyze prevalence rates and histomorphological variations to better elucidate the pattern of occurrence, diagnosis and treat- ment plan of pleomorphic adenoma. Materials and Methods: This are a retrospective study which was conducted in a private institution, Chennai. Based on the proportion of parenchymal and stromal tumor components, the cases were classified into four subtypes as proposed by Foote and Frazell. Morphological patterns, cellular patterns, capsular alterations and Stromal components were analyzed and statisti- cally evaluated. Results: Our analysis showed an overall 0.87% of pleomorphic adenoma cases being reported were associated with minor salivary glands followed buccal mucosa and palate. All the reported cases showed Type II pattern with histological cellular pat- tern of spindle cells and ductal morphological pattern. Conclusion: We observed the great diversity of morphological aspects of the stroma in pleomorphic adenoma, in which many cases showed variation in morphology and cellularity associated with tumor location.

Basal Cell Adenocarcinoma - 2 Case Series of a Rare Entity

Introduction: Basal cell adenocarcinoma is a rare well recognized low grade malignant salivary gland tumor often resembles basal cell adenoma. the infiltrating growth pattern and likelihood of vascular and perineural involvement distinguishes basal cell adenocarcinoma with basal cell adenoma. Case presentation: Here we present histopathological and immune histochemical analysis of two such rare cases of basal cell adenocarcinoma and review of literature is discussed. Conclusion: Basal cell adeno carcinoma is a low grade malignancy and doesn’t metastasize. With only few hundreds of cases that has been reported in literature, basal cell adeno carcinoma should be included as differential diagnosis in salivary gland tumors in order not to miss the diagnosis

Cirugía de desfuncionalización de glándulas salivales mayores en sialorrea masiva / Major salivary gland defunctionalization surgery in massive sialorrhea

Introducción: La sialorrea es la pérdida involuntaria de saliva de la boca, ya sea debido a la producción excesiva de saliva o disminución de la frecuencia de deglución. Se habla de sialorrea patológica cuando persiste más allá de los 4 años de edad. Además de las implicaciones sociales, cambios de ropa frecuentes, puede provocar neumonías por aspiración y deshidratación. El manejo de la sialorrea requiere una evaluación completa con un enfoque de equipo multidisciplinario para el tratamiento, que incluye terapias no farmacológicas, farmacológicas y quirúrgicas. Objetivo: Presentar resultados quirúrgicos y farmacológicos en el tratamiento de sialorrea masiva. Material y Método: Se realizó revisión de historias clínicas de 7 pacientes portadores de sialorrea masiva. Todos los pacientes incluidos fueron refractarios a tratamiento médico. El diagnóstico fue obtenido por un equipo multidisciplinario. Se les realizó desfuncionalización quirúrgica y farmacológica de glándulas salivales. Se les aplicó Escala de Severidad (DSS) y escala de frecuencia (DFS), previo a cirugía y posterior a procedimiento hasta el año. Resultados: Mejoría clínica subjetiva posterior a desfuncionalización quirúrgica con disminución de DSS y DFS. Disminución promedio de baberos a 10/día. Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos son buenos, si se consideran las escalas DSS, DFS y el número de baberos al día, que son mediciones tanto subjetivas y objetivas respectivamente.

Introduction: Massive Sialorrhea is the involuntary loss of saliva from the mouth, either due to excessive saliva production or decreased swallowing frequency. We speak of pathological sialorrhea when it persists beyond 4 years old. In addition to the social implications and frequent clothing changes. It can cause aspiration pneumonia and dehydration. Treatment for sialorrhea requires a comprehensive evaluation with a multidisciplinary team approach. Including non-pharmacological, pharmacological, and surgical therapies. Aim: Presentation of the results of surgical defunctionalization of the salivary glands plus injection of Botulinum Toxin in the treatment of massive sialorrhea. Material and Method: A review of the clinical records of 7 patients with massive sialorrhea was carried out. All included patients were refractory to medical treatment. The diagnosis was obtained by a multidisciplinary team. Surgical and pharmacological dysfunctionalization of salivary glands was performed. Severity Scale (DSS) and Frequency Scale (DFS) were applied before surgery and after the procedure up to a year. Results: Subjective clinical improvement after surgical defunctionalization with decreased SHD and DFS. Average decrease in bibs to 10/day. Conclusion: The evaluated strategy presented similar benefits with respect to the literature. The SHD and DFS scales and the number of bibs per day are both subjective and objective measurements, respectively, and allow the clinical improvement and quality of life of patients undergoing surgery to be evaluated individually.

Surgical Treatment of Sublingual Gland Ranulas

Abstract Introduction Ranulas are divided into oral (OR) and plunging (PR) and comprise the most common pathology of the sublingual gland. This study presents a case series of patients operated due to OR and PR within different type of modalities in a 1-year period. Objective The aim of this study is to determine the optimal surgical treatment of ranulas based on our results as well as in the literature review. Methods The medical charts of 7 patients with sublingual gland ranulas treated in 2020 were reviewed. Results The median age of the patients was 19. Three patients with OR were treated by marsupialization, micromarsupialization, and sublingual gland excision. Four patients with PR were operated via cervical approach in three cases and intraoral approach in one case. No recurrence was observed in 14 months of follow-up, on average. Conclusion Micromarsupialization should be consider as the primary treatment for OR. In case of recurrent OR and primary or recurrent PR, the best results might be obtained by radical excision of the sublingual gland, which can be performed without resection of the ranula sac with the intraoral approach.

Impact of salivary stimulation on tear film function in dry eye subjects

Purpose: Dry eye is a common condition affecting people worldwide. It causes ocular discomfort by reducing the quality of vision and impacts daily activities. To overcome such ocular discomfort, artificial tears are used but it is difficult to use artificial tears every time to protect eyes from dryness. There is a need to explore other treatment options, which can be used during work hours. The aim was to study the effect of salivary stimulation on tear film functions among dry eye subjects. Methods: Thirty?three subjects were enrolled in this prospective experimental study. Tear film function tests such as tear break up time (TBUT), tear meniscus height (TMH), and Schirmer’s I and II tests were conducted. For dry eye subjects, salivation was induced by giving a tamarind candy (a soft slightly sour tamarind pulp mixed with sugar) for 5 min. Tear film function tests were carried out within a few seconds (2 to 3 s) after finishing the candy and then after 30 and 60 min of the induction of salivation. The pre? and post?tear film function measurements were recorded and analyzed. Results: TBUT, TMH, and Schirmer’s II tests showed statistically significant (P < 0.05) increase immediately and after 30 min of stimulation of salivation for all tests in both eyes. However, the difference was insignificant after 60 min of stimulation of salivation. Schirmer’s I showed statistically significant changes in the left eye, but not in the right eye immediately after stimulation of salivation (P = 0.025). Conclusion: The quantity as well as the quality of tear film improved after the stimulation of salivation among dry eye subjects.

Dried Salivary Spot As A Diagnostic Aid- A Review

Saliva is a colourless, watery and complex fluid secreted by the salivary glands into the oral cavity. It plays an important role in maintaining the moisture and well being of the oral cavity. In recent years, Saliva has been used by the researches, as it is non invasive technique, limited training required, potentially valuable for children and elderly patients, cost effective, eliminates the risk of infection and screening in large population. Collecting dried salivary sample is still being a greater challenge in the forensic. The process of identifying a disease, condition, or injury from its signs and symptoms is referred as diagnosis and diagnostic tool helps in simplifying the clinical findings to obtain a reasonable and relevant differential diagnosis. Recently, Dried salivary spot has been most commonly used among Forensic Odontology which can be used as an efficient diagnostic aid. This article aims to review the updates and significance of dried saliva spot and sampling in forensic odontology.

Biometry of the Submandibular Salivary Glands in Indian Population Using Computed Tomography : A Retrospective Study

Objectives : To study the biometric measurements of the submandibular salivary gland in the Indian population using Computed Tomography. Materials and Methods : From the available database, 300 patients who have undergone Computed Tomography without any salivary gland disease, the CT scans were retrospectively evaluated. The CT scans were obtained with TOSHIBA Activion 16 slice CT machine. The antero-posterior, transverse and cranio-caudal dimensions of bilateral submandibular salivary glands were measured in the axial, coronal and sagittal planes. Results : The mean CT measurements of the patients included was 2.0 ± 0.38 cm in Antero-posterior, 2.1 ± 0.31 cm in Transverse and 2.90 ± 0.27 cm in Cranio-caudal dimensions. The average volume of the submandibular gland was 6.68 ± 0.21 cc.

Frecuencia de la cavidad ósea de Stafne. Un análisis retrospectivo en radiografías panorámicas / Frequency of Stafne's bone cavity. A retrospective analysis in panoramic radiographs

Introducción: La cavidad ósea de Stafne es una variante anatómica poco frecuente, radiolúcida y bien delimitada, que usualmente se presenta en la región molar cerca del ángulo mandibular y por debajo del canal para el nervio dentario inferior. Es frecuente que sea erróneamente diagnosticada con otras entidades de carácter patológico. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de la cavidad ósea de Stafne en las radiografías panorámicas del Servicio de Radiología Oral y Maxilofacial del Centro Dental Docente "Cayetano Heredia", desde 2015 hasta 2019. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo de una muestra de 17875 radiografías panorámicas. Se consideraron las variables demográficas como el sexo, la edad, la localización y la forma, posteriormente se realizaron tablas de contenido para el análisis de los datos. Resultados: Entre los 17875 pacientes, solo 24 (0,13 por ciento) presentaban cavidad ósea de Stafne, incluidos 16 hombres y 8 mujeres. La octava década de vida presentó la mayor cantidad de casos con 6 (0,4 por ciento). La localización posterior derecha contó con 13 (54,17 por ciento), la posterior izquierda con 7 (29,17 por ciento) y la anterior con 4 (16,67 por ciento). La forma ovalada con 23 (95,83 por ciento) y la redonda solo con 1 (4,17 por ciento). Conclusiones: La frecuencia de la cavidad ósea de Stafne fue de 0,13 por ciento con predilección del sexo masculino, la octava década de vida, la localización posterior derecha y la forma ovalada(AU)

Introduction: Stafne's bone cavity is a rare, radiolucent, well-demarcated anatomic variant that usually occurs in the molar region near the mandibular angle and below the canal for the inferior dental nerve. It is frequently misdiagnosed with other pathological entities. Objective: To determine the frequency of Stafne's bone cavity in panoramic radiographs of the Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Service of the Teaching Dental Care Center "Cayetano Heredia", from 2015 to 2019. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study was performed on a sample of 17875 panoramic radiographs. Demographic variables such as gender, age, location and shape were considered; subsequently tables of contents were performed for data analysis. Results: Among the 17875 patients, only 24 (0.13 percent) had Stafne's bone cavity, including 16 males and 8 females. The eighth decade of life presented the highest number of cases with 6 (0.4 percent). The right posterior location accounted for 13 (54.17 percent), the left posterior with 7 (29.17 percent) and the anterior with 4 (16.67 percent). The oval shape with 23 (95.83 percent) and round with only 1 (4.17 percent). Conclusions: The frequency of Stafne's bone cavity was 0.13 percent with male sex predilection, eighth decade of life, right posterior location and oval shape(AU)

NECROTIZING SIALOMETAPLASIA OF PALATE A RARE CASE REPORT

Necrotizing sialometaplasia (NS) is a rare benign reactive necrotizing in?ammatory process that affects the minor salivary gland and frequently mimics cancer on both a clinical and histopathological level. Case Study : We report the case of a 21-year-old healthy man who had throat pain and non-healing ulcer over soft palate for the past one month, with pain during swallowing.Histopathological analysis and an incisional biopsy were performed on the patient. Necrotizing sialometaplasia was the histologically determined diagnosis. Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a self-limiting disorder of salivary glands mostly affecting the hard palate.The duration of the healing process is usually related to the size of the lesion.The recurrence rate of Necrotizing Sialometaplasia is low.Even a full thickness palatal lesion heals completely within 6 months.

Immunohistochemistry in oral and maxillofacial pathology: The role and rational use of antibodies in the diagnosis of surgical lesions / Inmunohistoquímica en patología oral y maxilofacial: El rol y uso racional de anticuerpos en el diagnóstico de lesiones quirúrgicas

Background:Immunohistochemistry have had a huge impact on oral and maxillofacial pathology diagnosis. As a method it determines distribution and amount of certain cellular molecules via specific antigen-antibody reaction. Whereas in most cases a definitive diagnosis is achieved based on detailed hematoxylin and eosin cytomorphological analysis, along with clinical and radiological features, some challenging and equivocal neoplasms need to be further assessed with immunohistochemistry. Objective:This article reviews and updates immunohistochemistry technique fundamentals, its role and relevance in the diagnosis of common oral and maxillofacial lesions encountered in daily practice. Materials and methods: A literature review on the topic was carried out by searching pertinent and available papers on PubMed, ClinicalKey and Scielo platforms with no date restriction, up to 2022. Conclusion: Immunohistochemistry is an important tool that has been integrated into conventional histopathology and provides diagnostic assistance in the interpretation of common but equivocal neoplasms

Antecedentes: El uso de la inmunohistoquímica ha tenido un gran impacto en el diagnóstico de patología oral y maxilofacial. Como técnica, determina la distribución y la cantidad de ciertas moléculas celulares a través de una reacción antígeno-anticuerpo específica. Aunque en la mayoría de los casos se logra obtener un diagnóstico definitivo basado en el análisis cito morfológico con hematoxilina y eosina, junto con las características clínicas y radiológicas, algunas neoplasias microscópicamente equívocas deben evaluarsemás a fondo con inmunohistoquímica. Objetivo: Este artículo revisa los fundamentos básicos actuales de la técnica y su relevancia en el diagnóstico de algunas lesiones orales y maxilofaciales frecuentemente tratadas en la práctica clínica diaria. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda y revisión de artículos científicos relacionados con el uso immunohistoquímica en patología oral y maxilofacial en PubMed, ClinicalKey y Scielo. Conclusión: La immunohistoquimica es una herramienta importante que ha sido integrada a la histopatología convencional y brinda asistencia diagnostica en la interpretación de neoplasias comunes pero equívocas

A Mouthwash with Cetylpyridinium Chlorideis reducing salivary SARS-CoV-2 viral load in +COVID-19 / Un enjuague con Cloruro de Cetilpiridinio redujo la carga salival del virus SARSCoV-2 en pacientes con Covid-19

Aim: The aim of this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot clinical trial is to evaluate the capacity of a mouthwash to reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the saliva of patients with COVID-19. Methods: Twenty-three symptomatic SARS-CoV-2-positive outpatients were selected andrandomised into two groups and registered at NTC 04563689. Both groups rinsed and gargled for one minute with either distilled water (Placebo) or with 0.05% Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) plus 0.12% Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash (PERIOAID Intensive Care). Saliva samples were collected before the use of placebo or mouthwash and after 15 minutes and 1 and 2 hours of either of the above treatment. A saliva sample was also taken five days after regular use of placebo or mouthwash twice daily. The virus was detected by qRT-PCR. Results: A great heterogeneity in the viral load values was observed at baseline in both groups for nasopharyngeal and saliva samples. Most of the patients who used the mouthwash (8/12) had a significant decrease in baseline viral load after 15 min (greater than 99% reduction). This inhibitory effect was maintained for up to two hours in 10 of the 12 patients. At five days, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detectedin only 1 patient from the mouthwash group and in 5 from the placebo group. Conclusions: This study points out that a CPC mouthwash can reduce the viral load in saliva of COVID-positive patients. This finding may be important in transmission control of SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, the clinical relevance of CPC mouthwash-reduction on SARS-CoV-2 shedding in saliva requires further study.

Objetivo: El objetivo de este ensayo clínico piloto aleatorizado, doble ciego y controlado con placebo es evaluar la capacidad de un enjuague bucal para reducir la carga viral del SARS-CoV-2 en la saliva de pacientes con COVID-19. Materiales y métodos:Veintitrés pacientes ambulatorios positivos para SARS-CoV-2 sintomáticos fueron seleccionados y aleatorizados en dos grupos y registrados en el NTC 04563689. Ambos grupos se enjuagaron y hicieron gárgaras durante un minuto con agua destilada (placebo) o con cloruro decetilpiridinio al 0 ,05 % (CPC). ) más enjuague bucal con Clorhexidina (CHX) al 0,12% (PERIOAID Intensive Care). Se recolectaron muestras de saliva antes del uso de placebo o enjuague bucal y después de 15 minutos y 1 y 2 horas de cualquiera de los tratamientos anteriores. También se tomó una muestra de saliva cinco días después del uso regular de placebo o enjuague bucal dos veces al día. El virus fue detectado por qRT-PCR. Resultados:Se demostró una gran heterogeneidad en los valores de carga viral al inicio del estudio en grupos ambos para muestras de nasofaringe y saliva. La mayoría de los pacientes que usaron el enjuague bucal (8/12) tuvieron una disminución significativa en la carga viral inicial después de 15 minutos (reducción superior al 99 %). Este efecto inhibidor se mantuvo hasta dos horas en 10 de los 12 pacientes. A los cinco días, se detectó ARN del SARS-CoV-2 en solo 1 paciente del grupo de enjuague bucal y en 5 del grupo de placebo. Conclusiones:Este señala que un enjuague bucal CPC puedereducir la carga viral en saliva de pacientes COVID positivos. Este hallazgo puede ser importante en el control de la transmisión del SARS-CoV-2. Sin embargo, la relevancia clínica de la reducción del enjuague bucal con CPC en la excreción de SARS-CoV-2 en la saliva requiere más estudios.